WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION-FIVE WELL-BEING INDEX: AN APPRAISAL OF DISTRICTS OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the mental wellbeing of the general population in districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan using the World Health Organization-Five (WHO-5) well-being index.
METHODS: WHO-5 well-being index questionnaire was used to document the mental well-being of individuals from thirteen most populous districts from seven divisional administrations of KP province. A rural-urban sample within these districts was estimated on the basis of proportional allocation method. The towns, villages and households in the selected districts were chosen through systematic random sampling technique by dividing the total households by the sample size. The mean score for the province was calculated and compared it to each district’s scores and to the rural-urban scores.
RESULTS: Out of 500 households, 303 (60.6%) were from rural and 197 (39.4%) from urban areas. Mean WHO-5 wellbeing scores was 14.60±2.65, 14.38±2.75 & 14.81±3.13 for province, urban and rural areas respectively. Higher scores reflecting better quality of life in various life domains was reported for Swabi (18.20±3.201), Haripur (18.00±2.98) and Abbottabad (17.64±3.39). Lowest scores were reported from Bannu (10.6±2.716), Charsadda (11.5±2.89) & Dera Ismail Khan (12.03±3.25) districts. Higher score for urban areas was reported from Swabi (19.8±3.243), Nowshehra (17.77±3.10) & Haripur (17.44±2.760), while for rural areas in Abbottabad (19.42±3.729), Haripur (18.33±3.01) & Mardan (17.70±3.284) districts.
CONCLUSION: Mental well-being is higher for people living in Swabi, Haripur, & Abbottabad and lower for residents of Bannu, Charsadda & Dera Ismail Khan districts. Further research is required to study the contributing factors for lower mental well-being in these districts.
Article Details
Work published in KMUJ is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online
(e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
References
Diener E. Subjective well-being. Psychol Bull 1984; 95:542-75.
Diener E, Oishi S. Money and happiness: Income and subjective well-being across nations. In: Diener E, Suh EM, editors. Culture and Subjective Well-being. The MIT press; 2003.p.185-218.
Diener E, Scollon CN, Lucas RE. The evolving concept of subjective well-being: The multifaceted nature of happiness. In: Diener E, editor. Assessing well-being: The collected works of Ed Diener. New York: Springer; 2009. p. 67-100.
Frey BS, Stutzer A. Happiness and Economics. New Jersey. Princeton University press; 2002:
Lyubomirsky S, King L, Diener E. The benefits of frequent positive affect: does happiness lead to success? Psychol Bull 2005;131(6):803-55.
Pressman SD, Cohen S. Does positive affect influence health? Psycho Bull 2005; 131:925-71.
Ostir GV, Markides KS, Peek MK, Goodwin GS. The association between emotional well-being and the incidence of stroke in older adults. Psychosom Med 2001;63(2):210-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-200103000-00003.
Fredrickson BL, Levenson RW. Positive emotions speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions. Cogn Emot 1998;12(2):191-220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/026999398379718.
Topp CW, Ostergaard SD, Sondergaard S, Bech P. The WHO-5 Well-being Index: A systematic review of literature. Psychother Psychosom 2015;84(3):167-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000376585.
Lopez MA, Gabilondo A, Codony M, García-Forero C, Vilagut G, Castellví P. Adaptation into Spanish of the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WBMWBS) and preliminary validation in a student sample. Qual Life Res 2013; 22(5):1099-104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-012-0238-z.
Effertz T, Mann K. The burden of cost of disorders of the brain in Europe, the inclusion of harmful alcohol use and nicotine addiction. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23(7):742-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.07.010.
Government of Pakistan Finance Division, Economic Advisor’s Wing. Pakistan Economic Survey 2018-19. [Accessed on: February 01, 2020]. Available from URL: https//www.finance.gov.pk.
Government of Pakistan Federal Bureau of Statistics. [Accessed on: February 01, 2020]. Available from URL: http://www.pbs.gov.pk/
Heun R, Bonsignore M, Bakow K, Heun R. Validity of five-item WHO Well-being Index (WHO-5) in an elderly population. Eur Arc Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001; 251 (Supp 2):27-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03035123.
Santos JJA, Costa TA, Guilherme JH, da Silva WC, Abentroth LRL, Krebs JA. Adaptation and cross-cultural validation of Brazilian version of Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2015;61(3):209-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.61.03.209.
Barua A, Kar N, Acharya D, Nagaraj K, Bhat HV, Nair NS. Validity of WHO-5 Wellbeing Index for screening of depression in an elderly Indian population. J Gerontol 2010;24:178-86.
Mortazavi F, Mousavi SA, Chaman R, Khosravi A. Validation of the World Health Organization-5 Well-Being Index; assessment of maternal well-being and its associated factors. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2015;26(1):48-55.
Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Jacobi F, Allgulanderd C, Alonsoe J, Beghi E. Corrigendum to “Cost of disorders of the brain in Europe 2010”. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2011;22(3):237-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.01.001.
Sobocki P, Johnsson B, Angst J, Rehnberg C. Cost of depression in Europe. J Ment Health Policy Econ 2006;9(2): 87-98.
Wittchen HU, Jacob F, Rehm J, Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Jönsson B. The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2011;21(9):655-79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018.
Garland AF, Deyessa N, Desta M, Alem A, Zerihun T, Hall KG. Use of the WHO-5 perceived Well-being Index (WHO-5) as an efficient and potentially valid screen for depression in low income country. Fam Sys Health 2018;36(2):148-58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/fsh0000344.
Bech P. Clinical Psychometrics, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, 2012.
Waqas A, Ahmad W, Haddad M, Taggart FM, Muhammad Z, Bukhari MH. A psychometric evaluation of the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale in a Pakistani population. PeerJ. 2015 Oct 1;3:e1264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1264.
Khan Y, Taghdisi MH, Nourijeylyani K. Psychological Well-being (PWB) of school adolescents aged 12-18 yr, its correlation with general levels of physical activity (PA) and social demographic factors in Gilgit Baltistan. Iran J Public Health 2015; 44(6):804-13.
Khalid A, Qadir F, Chan SWY, Schwannauer M. Adolescents' mental health and well-being in developing countries: a cross-sectional survey from Pakistan. J Ment Health 2019 Aug;28(4):389-396. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2018.1521919. Epub 2018 Nov 19.
Jibeen T, Khalid R. Predictors of psychological well-being of Pakistani immigrants in Toronto, Canada. Int J Intercult Relat 2010 Sep 1;34(5):452-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.04.010
Asad Ali Shah S, Yezhuang T, Muhammad Shah A, Khan Durrani D, Jamal Shah S. Fear of Terror and Psychological Well-Being: The Moderating Role of Emotional Intelligence. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Nov 14;15(11):2554. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112554.