Cone beam computed tomography evaluation of anatomic variations of the maxillary sinus and zygomatic bone to minimize the risk of sinus lift procedures
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Abstract
Objectives: To detect anatomic variations in the maxillary sinus and zygomatic bone with respect to age and gender using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), to minimize procedural risks during sinus lift surgery and optimize implant planning.
Methods: This cross-sectional prevalence study analyzed 98 CBCT scans (49 patients, aged 18–60 years) referred to Kunhitharuvai Memorial Charitable Trust (KMCT) Dental College, Kerala, South India, from December 2017 to August 2019. Multi-planar images were assessed for septa (presence, morphology, location), maxillary sinus pneumatization (MSP), and zygomatic bone pneumatization (ZBP). Associations with age and gender were evaluated.
Results: Septa were identified in 35/98 (35.7%) cases, with the highest prevalence in the 51–60-year group [21/35 (60.0%)], most frequently located in the middle region [13/35 (37.1%)]. Complete septa [8/35 (22.9%)] increased with age. MSP was observed in 63/98 cases (64.3%), most frequent in the 51–60-year group [31/63 (49.2%)]. ZBP occurred in 10/98 cases (10.2%), most commonly in the 41–50-year group [5/10 (50.0%)], with all cases showing a multilocular pattern. No significant gender differences were detected for septa, MSP, or ZBP (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Maxillary sinus septa and pneumatization patterns are age-dependent, with septa prevalence and completeness increasing with age. ZBP was less frequent but demonstrated a distinct multilocular pattern. Recognition of these variations is crucial for safe sinus lift procedures and effective implant treatment planning.
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