NATIONAL DIABETES ACTION PLAN OF PAKISTAN: NEED AND CHALLENGES
Main Article Content
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), are the major cause of mortality, accounting for 38 million annual deaths around the world.The four main NCDs (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes) are accounting for 82% of all NCD deaths.1 About, 80% of all NCD deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries.2 In Pakistan, NCDs are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality.3 According to WHO country profile, NCDs are contributing for 50% of total deaths in Pakistan and the probability of dying from 30- 70 years of age, due to four main NCDs is 26%.4
Diabetes mellitus is ranked 4th among NCDs causing deaths, accounting for 1.5 million global deaths each year.1 Worldwide, estimated prevalence of diabetes was 9% among adults (aged 18+ years) in 2014.5 According to International Diabetes Federation (IDF)6, 382 million people, aging between 40 and 59 years across the world, are currently living with diabetes and the estimated 55% rise will lead to 532 million diabetics in the year 2035. Eighty percent of diabetics live in low- and middle-income countries. Alarming situation is that 175 million people with diabetes are undiagnosed. In 2013, 548 billion US dollars were spent on health expenditure related to diabetes.6
Pakistan with a population of 184.35 million is the 6th most populous country of the world.7 Although current national data regarding prevalence of diabetes in Pakistan are lacking, previous national diabetes surveys of Pakistan by Diabetes Association of Pakistan and WHO showed an overall prevalence of diabetes as 11.47% (ranged from 6.39–16.5%).8-11 According to IDF, there were 6.9 million cases of diabetes in Pakistan in 2014 and prevalence of diabetes in adults of 20-79 years of age was 6.8%.12 However, the projected estimates of IDF for 2035 shows an alarming situation and Pakistan with an estimated prevalence of 12.8 million diabetics, will be ranked 8th among the world’s top 10 countries having increased prevalence of Diabetes.6
To meet the global challenge of NCD and DM, UN Member States adopted the Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of NCDs in September 2011.13 This strong political commitment led to WHO multi-sectoral action plans and policies for the prevention and control of NCDs. In 2013, the World Health Assembly endorsed the WHO global action plan for the prevention and control of NCDs 2013–202014 and adopted a Comprehensive Global Monitoring Framework for NCDs, including 25 monitoring and surveillance indicators and nine voluntary global targets for 2025. Target was set for 25% reduction in the overall mortality from four common NCDs. However, of particular importance was diabetes related, target no 7: to halt the rise in diabetes and obesity.15 In 2014, WHO prepared a global status report on prevention and control of NCDs.5
In Pakistan, an effort was made in 2003 through a public private partnership to frame a National Action Plan for NCDs, prevention, control and health promotion in Pakistan.16,17 However, according to WHO, Pakistan has got a very poor national systems response of to NCDs. It has no operational multisectoral national policy, strategy or action plan for integration of various NCDs/related risk factors; promotion of physical activity and healthy diets. There are no evidence-based national guidelines/protocols/standards for the management of various NCDs. Pakistan is lacking any NCD surveillance and monitoring system for reporting against the nine global NCD targets.4 All these factors are contributing to the failure of our national action program for NCDs in achieving its targets.
As compared to other NCDs, more work has been done on prevention and control of Diabetes in Pakistan. Diabetic Association of Pakistan (DAP) was established in 1966 and was affiliated with IDF in 1967.18 Since its inception DAP is continuously involved in improving diabetes care and prevention in Pakistan. Although, field activities of DAP are mainly restricted to Karachi and Sind province only, DAP was involved in launching first four National Diabetes Action Plans in 1996–98, 1999–2001, 2001–2004 and 2005–2009.19 However, according to IDF reports, these plans have not been implemented and IDF is now supporting Pakistan in developing and implanting national NCD program.IDF scorecard for Pakistan, highlighted that government funding and services provided by health system for diabetes are not sufficient due to budget restraints and inadequate distribution of funding. Pakistan is spending only 46 USD per person with diabetes, which could prevent only 0.4% of diabetes related deaths. There is no framework for diabetes monitoring and surveillance in Pakistan.20 Pakistan needs to adopt the global Monitoring Framework on NCDs as recently adopted by India.
Beside DAP, Pakistan Endocrine Society (established in 2001), National Association of Diabetes Educators of Pakistan, some Diabetic Institutes and other groups working in Pakistan are also attempting hard to improve the diabetes care and prevention in Pakistan. After devolution of health sector service delivery to provincial governments, Federal Govt is spending Rs.26.8 billion in 2014-15 fiscal year on health sector with main focus on Millennium Development Goals, polio, maternal & child health, family planning/primary healthcare, HIV, TB and hepatitis.21 Except for cancer, no specific fund allocation was done for NCDs. Diabetes and other NCDs have not been focussed by federal and provincial governments. Only provincial Govt. of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, in 2014, took initiative in diabetes management by establishing Insulin Bank in 10 major hospitals of the province, at a cost of Rs. 25 millions. However a genuine comprehensive, collaborative national action plan for diabetes and other NCDs is lacking. Developing policies for prevention and treatment of diabetes and its complications, involvement of all stakeholders, provision of adequate funding, availability of affordable high-quality essential medicines/technologies, improved access to available services and effective monitoring and surveillance system can lead to an effective and sustainable national action plan. However, the main issue of implementation of such plans needs to be addressed by the decision making bodies of Pakistan to achieve its targets, set by WHO and IDF.
Article Details
Work published in KMUJ is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
References
World Health Organization. Noncommunicable diseases. Fact sheet. Updated January 2015. [Cited on January 31, 2015]. Available from URL: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs355/en/
World Health Organization. 10 facts on noncommunicable diseases. (updated March 2013). [Cited on January 31, 2015]. Available from URL: http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/noncommunicable_diseases/en/
Jafar TH, Haaland BA, Rahman A, Razzak JA, Bilger M, Naghavi M, et al. Non-communicable diseases and injuries in Pakistan: strategic priorities. Lancet 2013;381(9885):2281-90.
World Health Organization - Noncommunicable Diseases (NCD) Country Profiles, 2014. [Cited on January 02, 2015]. Available from URL: http://www.who.int/nmh/countries/pak_en.pdf
Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2014. Geneva, World Health Organization. [Cited on January 31, 2015]. Available from URL: http://www.who.int/global-coordination-mechanism/publications/global-status-report-ncds-2014-eng.pdf
International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas. Sixth Edition 2013. [Cited on January 22, 2015.] Available from URL: http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas
Mazhar M. Population, Labour Force and Employment. Chap 12. In: Pakistan Eco-nomic Survey 2012-13. Government of Pakistan, Ministry of finance. [Cited on January 31, 2015]. Available from: URL: http://fi¬nance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_13/12-Pop¬ulation.pdf
Shera AS, Rafique G, Khawaja IA, Ara J, Baqai S, King H. Pakistan National Diabetes Survey: prevalence of glucose intolerance and associated factors in Shikarpur, Sindh Province. Diabetic Med 1995; 15: 539–553.
Shera AS, Rafique G, Khwaja IA, Baqai S, Khan IA, King H. Pakistan National Diabetes Survey: prevalence of glucose intolerance and associated factors in North West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc 1999; 49(9): 206–211.
Shera AS, Rafique G, Khawaja IA, Baqai S, King H. Pakistan National Diabetic Survey: prevalence of glucose intolerance and associated factors in Balochistan province. Diab Res Clin Pract 1999; 44(1): 49–58.
Nishtar S, Shera S. Diabetes prevention and control as a part of an integrated non-communicable disease strategy: the Pakistan approach. Practical Diabetes Int 2006; 23(8): 332–4.
International Diabetes Federation. [Cited on January 31, 2015]. Available from URL: http://www.idf.org/membership/mena/pakistan
A/66/L.1 Political declaration of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases.
Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs 2013-2020. [Cited on January 31, 2015]. Available from URL: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/94384/1/9789241506236_eng.pdf?ua=1
Comprehensive global monitoring framework, including 25 indicators, and a set of 9 voluntary global targets for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases, Annexure 1. Global status report on NCDs 2014. [Cited on January 31, 2015]. Available from URL: http://www.who.int/global-coordination-mechanism/publications/global-status-report-ncds-2014-eng.pdf
Nishtar S. Prevention of non-communicable diseases in Pakistan: an integrated partnership-based model. Health Res Policy Syst 2004; 2(1): 7.
Nishtar S, Shera S, Raffique G, Mohamud KB, Ahmed A. Diabetes prevention and control: National Action Plan for NCD Prevention, Control and Health Promotion in Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc 2004; 54(12 Suppl 3): S26–S30.
Milestones of the Diabetic Association of Pakistan. [Cited on January 21, 2015]. Available from URL: http://www.dap.org.pk/default.html
National Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases and Health Promotion in Pakistan. Islamabad, Pakistan: tripartite collaboration of the Ministry of Health, Government of Pakistan; WHO, Pakistan office, and Heartfile; 2004. [Cited on January 23, 2015]. Available from URL: http://www.physicalactivityplan.org/resources/Pakistan.pdf
International Diabetes Federation. Global diabetes scorecard tracking progress for action. http://www.idf.org/global-diabetes-scorecard/assets/downloads/Scorecard-29-07-14.pdf
Ministry of Finance, Govt. of Pakistan. Federal Budget Publications 2014-15. [Cited on January 23, 2015]. Available from URL: http://finance.gov.pk/budget/Budget_Speech14_15_Eng.pdf