The evolution of the male role in nursing: a narrative review study
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Abstract
Background: Although nursing is often viewed as a female-dominated profession, men have played important caregiving roles throughout history. Their contributions have been overlooked due to cultural norms, professional shifts, and gender stereotypes.
Objectives: To examine the global historical evolution of the role of men in nursing and highlight their contributions, challenges, and changing professional identity across different historical eras.
Methods: This narrative review was conducted using literature retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and SciELO, supplemented by manual searches in Google Scholar and ResearchGate. Studies published in English or Spanish that addressed men’s participation in nursing across various historical periods and regions were included. Article selection and data extraction were independently performed by two reviewers, with disagreements resolved by a third reviewer. Methodological quality was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute tools.
Review: Twenty-seven studies were included and thematically analyzed according to five historical eras: Prehistory, Ancient Age, Middle Ages, Modern Age, and Contemporary Age. Evidence shows that men were actively involved in caregiving in early societies, religious institutions, military orders, and hospitals. Over time, sociocultural shifts, professionalization of nursing, and gender stereotyping led to the marginalization of men, particularly during the modern era. In recent decades, increasing recognition of gender equity has renewed attention to men’s contributions, leadership roles, and educational experiences in nursing worldwide.
Conclusion: Men have contributed to nursing throughout history despite gender barriers; recognizing this legacy is vital to promote inclusivity, challenge stereotypes, and support gender-balanced education, policy development, and equitable professional practice globally today.
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